© Hilmar Alquiros Tao-Project: 道 德 經 Dào Dé Jīng 2000-2018 Impressum Datenschutzerklärung |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46
sum:
2950 |
第四十六章 |
Peaceful Frugality Friedliche Genügsamkeit |
Raw texts s. below / Rohtexte s. unten!
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.a |
Farm Horses or War Horses
Ackergäule oder Kriegspferde? |
+
Hán Fēizǐ
韓非子
(280-233)
- W. K. Liao: + 耶穌 Yē sū |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No. |
Wáng Bì 王弼 |
Characters |
Analysis |
Verbatim |
Poetic |
Analogous |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
46 - Peaceful Frugality [ In Ancient China, the 'world' for the most part means ... the Middle Kingdom! [ When 'All Under Heaven', the world, the realm has the Way (or does not), what does this mean? [ When the state is ruled by a wise king in the spirit of Dào (or not) – what will be the con-sequences?
01-02:
A
world with Dào turns race horses a world without Dào lets grow up war horsesin the outskirts.
01-02
A world
with Dào,
thanks to a wise ruler who "knows how to be satisfied" and "how to
halt" [* Wáng Bì
/ Wagner,
ch. 44],
brings the riding horses (war horses) back to fields
and
meadows, to
collect and transport the dung as fertilizer: useful, nurturing work
in periods of peace. From a Dàoist point of view, not knowing how to be satisfied and how to stop leads to a double damage, to deeper disaster: [ firstly, to the exhaustion of the individual vital energy 氣 qì, [ secondly, to diremption [Hegel] and division among the people, and therefore to quarrels, fights, and wars.
03-07:
No
crime
is
bigger
no
calamity
is
bigger
no
fault
is
greater
So, knowing enough of enoughness is constantly enough, indeed! 03-05 No crime, evil, fault, disaster, no guilt, sin, calamity... is greater than [ knowing and living the way of desires, cravings, avidity; [ not knowing the Dào of enoughness (frugality), contentment, sufficiency (ch. 33);[ striving for profit, for gain (ch. 42), material wealth, and social renown – both personally and between states (between nations: wars of conquest).
Desire
prevents
contentment
and increases dis-satisfaction;
discontent
and inner unrest make it an addictive game for more possessions (a
loss in death, a waste of time in life) and the curse of
not-enoughness
(frugality). 06-07 The blessing of enoughness (frugality) is the inner equilibrium of both, basic needs and fulfillment, self-actualization, and creativity: that epitome of inherent worthiness and dignity.Knowing enough of enoughness (frugality) is constantly enough: "... the satisfaction of [a ruler] who knows how to be satisfied [provides] eternal satisfaction" [*].
© hilmar alquiros, 2017
46 - Friedliche Genügsamkeit [ Die 'Welt' meint im Alten China zumeist ... das Reich der Mitte! [ Wenn 'Alles unter dem Himmel', die Welt, das Reich den Weg hat (oder nicht), was bedeutet das? [ Wenn der Staat von einem weisen König im Geist des Dào regiert wird (oder nicht) – was werden die Konsequenzen sein?
01-02:
Eine
Welt mit Dào nimmt Rennpferde
eine Welt
ohne Dào züchtet Streitrosse
01-02
Eine Welt
mit
Dào,
aufgrund eines weisen Herrschers, der "weiß, wie man zufrieden ist"
und
"wie man aufhört" (* Wáng Bì,
Kap.
44),
bringt die Reitpferde (Kriegsrösser) zurück zu Äckern und Feldern,
um den Dung als Düngemittel zu bewirtschaften und zu transportieren:
nutz-bringende, ernährende Arbeit in Friedenszeiten.
Vom dàoistischen Standpunkt aus führt, nicht zu verstehen, wie man zufrieden ist und wie man auf-hört, zu doppeltem Schaden, zu größerem Verhäng-nis: [ erstens zur Erschöpfung der individuellen Le-benskraft 氣 qì, [ zweitens zu Entzweiung [Hegel] und Gespal-tenheit des Volkes, und somit zu Streitereien, Kämpfen und Kriegen.
03-07:
Kein
Verbrechen
ist größer
kein Unheil
ist größer
kein
Fehler ist größer
Darum: weiß man genug um Genügsamkeit, hat man wohl beständig genug! 03-05 Kein Verbrechen, Übel, Fehler, Verhängnis, keine Schuld, Sünde, Katastrophe ... ist großer als [ zu kennen und leben den Weg der Begehrlich-keiten, Gelüste, Begierden; [ nicht zu kennen das Dào der Genugheit (Genügsamkeit), Zufriedenheit, Zulänglichkeit (Kap. 33); [ streben nach Profit, nach Gewinn (Kap. 42), materiellem Reichtum, und sozialem Ansehen – persönlich und zwischenstaatlich (zwischen Nationen: Eroberungskriege). Begehrlichkeit verhindert Zufriedenheit und steigert Unzufriedenheit; Unbehagen und innere Unruhe machen es zu einem süchtigen Spiel nach mehr Besitztümern (einem Verlust im Tod, einer Zeitverschendung im Leben) und dem Fluch der Nicht-Genugheit (Nicht-Genügsamkeit). Gegenstrategien liegen sowohl in der persönlichen Regeneration des 氣 qì, als auch in von der Regierung ausgehender Kontrolle von Begehr-lichkeiten.
06-07
Der Segen der
Genugheit
(Genügsamkeit)
ist das innere Gleichgewicht von beidem: Grund-bedürfnissen und
Erfüllung, Selbstverwirklichung und Kreativität:
jenem
Inbegriff innewohnender Würdigkeit und Würde.
© hilmar alquiros, 2017 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.01. |
天下
有道,
卻走馬
以糞, |
天下 World {= "Heaven / under"} / Welt {= "Himmel / unter"}. 有 here: with {which_has} / / hier: mit {welche hat}; to get {possess}, there_are {subsist} / haben {besitzen}, gibt_es {existieren}. 道 Dào {Way} / Dào {Weg} [here = the "wise ruler" / hier = der "weise Herrscher"; s. 44.05. ]. 卻 to turn_[back] / (zurück-)_nehmen. 走 riding ~, race ~ / Reit ~, Renn ~. 馬 ~ horse(-s) / ~ -pferd(-e). 以 for / zum (für); by means of, to use, in order to / mittels, gebrauchen, um zu, weil. 糞 to manure {= to fertilize fields} / Düngen [der Felder].* |
A
world
{= "Heaven / under"}
Eine
Welt
{= "Himmel / unter"}
|
A world with Dào turns race horses back for manuring, Eine Welt mit Dào nimmt Rennpferde zurück zum Düngen, |
A
world
with
Dào will change, for
sure,
Soll
Dào alle Welt
durchdringen, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.02. |
天下
無道
戎馬
生
於郊。 |
天下 World {= "Heaven / under"} / Welt {= "Himmel / unter"}. 無 without (no) {non-being, nothing_(-ness) / ohne (kein) {nicht-sein, Nichts}. 道 Dào {Way} / Dào {Weg}. 戎 (chariot), war, troops / (Wagen-), Kriegs-, Militär-. 馬 ~ horse(-s) / ~ -pferd(-e). 生 to grow_up / züchten {heranwachsen}. 於 in / in. 郊 the outskirts / die Vororte; or: suburbs; border marshes [= “sacred mound” outside the city] / oder: Außenbezirke; Grenzsümpfe [= „geweihter Grund“ außerhalb der Stadt]. |
a
world
{= "Heaven / under"}
eine
Welt
{= "Himmel / unter"} |
a world without Dào lets war horses grow up in the outskirts. eine Welt ohne Dào züchtet Streitrosse vor der Stadt. |
a
world
without
Dào
lets them
grow
im Vorort, so das
Dào schwieg, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* 糞 also: to sow {to seed} / säen [Zhang Yi & Yi Shu; Xu Zhu]. |
"The racing horses are used for manuring" / "Rennpferde werden zum Düngen verwendet" [Eduard Erkes, 1958 p. 201]; |
"Fast horses are used for their dung" / "Schnelle Pferde werden für ihren Dung genutzt" [Chen, 1989 p.165]; |
"Coursers will be stabled for the sake of their dung" / "Renner (Rennpferde) werden [im Stall] untergebracht um ihres Dunges willen" [Duyvendak, 1954 p. 105]. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.b |
Begehren und Gier oder Befriedigung in Genügsamkeit |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No. |
Wáng Bì 王弼 |
Characters |
Analysis |
Verbatim |
Poetic |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.03. (in text family)* |
罪
莫大於
可[多] 欲, |
罪 crime, evil {guilt, fault} / Verbrechen, Übel {Fehler, Schuld}. 莫 none / kein(-es). 大 big (bigger) / groß (größer). 於 than / als.
可
to
know (aware_of) /
kennen (bewußt).
欲
desire (greediness) /
Begehrlichkeit
(Begehren).
罪莫大於可欲* |
Among
crimes {evils},
Als Verbrechen,
Übel {Schuld, Fehler} |
No evil is bigger than to know desire; Kein Übel ist größer als Begehrlichkeit zu kennen, |
Among
all
crimes
there
none
is
higher
Kein Unglück größer noch zu nennen, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.04. |
禍
莫大於
不知足, |
禍 calamity {disasters, misfortunes} / Unheil {Verhängnis, Unglück}. 莫 none / kein(-es). 大 big (bigger) / groß (größer). 於 than / als. 不 not / nicht {un-}. 知 to know (aware_of) / kennen (bewußt). 足 enough (contentment, frugality) / genug {Zufriedenheit, (Genügsamkeit). 46.04.+46.05. sometimes exchanged! / manchmal vertauscht! |
among
calamities
{disasters, misfortunes},
an
Unheil
{Verhängnis, Unglück} |
no calamity is bigger than not to know contentment; kein Unheil ist größer als Zufriedenheit nicht zu kennen, |
among
calamities
none
bigger
kein Unheil größer auch umrissen, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.05. |
咎
莫大於
欲得: |
咎
disaster
{fault, vice} /
Verhängnis
{Fehler,
Laster}.
莫
none /
kein(-es).
大
big (bigger) /
groß (größer).
莫大
sometimes different /
manchmal unterschiedlich 於 than / als. 欲 desire / Verlangen {Gier; Streben}. 得 gain / Gewinn. |
among
disasters
{faults, vices},
an
Verhängnis
{Fehlern,
Lastern} |
no
disaster
is
greater than desire for profit.
kein
|
no
fault
is
greater in the main
kein Fehler größer so im Sinn |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.06. |
故知足
之足, |
故 hence / daher. 知 to know (aware_of) / kennen (bewußt). 足 enough (contentment, frugality) / genug {Zufriedenheit, (Genügsamkeit). 之 here: their, its / hier: deren, ihre; or: /'s, of [Genitive] / oder: des, von (sächsischer) Genitiv]. 足 enough(-ness) {contentment, frugality} / Genügen {Zu-friedenheit, Genügsamkeit}. ** |
Hence:
knowing enough
Daher:
versteht [man]
genug |
Hence: knowing enough of enoughness Daher: weiß man genug um Genügsamkeit, |
Enough enoughness so to know, Drum: kennt genug Genügsamkeit, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46.07. |
常足矣。 |
常 constantly {always, eternally} / beständig {allzeit, ewig_(-lich)}. 足 enough (contentment, frugality) / genug {Zufriedenheit, (Genügsamkeit). 矣 indeed! = Classical final particle which stresses the subjective certainty / wohl! = Klassische Schlusspartikel, die subjektive Gewissheit betont. |
is constantly {always, eternally} enough, [indeed]! beständig {allzeit, ewig_(-lich)} genügt das [wohl]! |
is constantly enough, indeed! hat man wohl beständig genug! |
is constantly enough, although! das wohl genügt für alle Zeit! |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
*罪莫大於可欲, not in STAR, 2001 or Sabbadini, 2013 / 王弼 Wáng Bì: but 馬王堆 Mǎwángduī A+B! cf. Henricks, 1989, p. 114. In >50 versions (Rump, 1979, p. 136), parallel structure, typically for 老子!Cf. Wagner, 2003, p. 275, 46.3 (footnote g): "Lu adds that a Héshàng Gōng 河上公 text had this passage. All other {51} members of Wang Bi's textual family have the passage. Shima Kunio accepts it." Cf. 郭店 Guōdiàn! (tables in commentary); Shen, 2004 p. 176; Henricks, 1989 p. 114; Rump, 1979 p. 136. |
So,
we include in chapter & consecutive
numbering! /
Wir
übernehmen daher in Kapitel & fortlaufender Zählung!
|
(46.03.) "That is why the satisfaction of [a ruler] who knows how to be satisfied [provides] eternal satisfaction." / "Daher [liefert] die Zufriedenstellung desjenigen [Herrschers], der weiß, wie man zufriedenstellt wird, ewige Zufriedenstellung." [王弼 Wáng Bì / Wagner 2003, p. 275.] |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
+
Hán Fēizǐ
|
21 喻老第二十一 |
天下有道,無急患,則曰靜,遽傳不用。故曰:「卻走馬以糞。」
天下無道,攻擊不休,相守數年不已,甲冑生蟣虱,鷰雀處帷幄,而兵不歸。故曰:「戎馬生於郊。」
翟人有獻豐狐、玄豹之皮於晉文公,文公受客皮而歎曰: 「此以皮之美自為罪。」夫治國者以名號為罪,徐偃王是也。(則)以城與地為罪,虞、虢是也。故曰:「罪莫大於可欲。」
智伯兼范、中行而攻趙不已,韓、魏反之,軍敗晉陽,身死高梁之東,遂卒被分, 漆其首以為溲器。故曰:「禍莫大於不知足。」
虞君欲屈產之乘與垂棘之璧,不聽宮之奇,故邦亡身死。故曰:「咎莫憯於欲得。」
邦以存為常,霸〔王〕其可也;身以生為常,富貴其可也。不〔以〕欲自害, 則邦不亡,身不死。故曰:「知足之為足矣。」
46, 03-05
罪莫大於可欲,
zuì mò dà yú kě yù,
禍莫大於不知足,
huò mò dà yú bù zhī zú,
咎莫大於欲得:
jiù mò dà yú yù dé:
老子 Lǎozĭ 道 德 經 Dàodéjīng 46, 03-05
Among
all crimes there
none
is higher
than knowing well desire's fire,
among calamities none bigger
than not to know contentment's vigor,
no
fault
is greater
in the main
than
any
greediness for gain.
Kein Unglück größer
noch zu nennen,
als die Begehrlichkeit zu kennen,
kein Unheil größer
auch umrissen,
als um Zufriedenheit nicht wissen;
kein Fehler größer
so im Sinn
als das Verlangen nach Gewinn.
罪莫大於可欲,
zuì mò dà yú kě yù,
禍莫大於不知足,
huò mò dà yú bù zhī zú,
咎莫大於欲得:
jiù mò dà yú yù dé:
When All-under-Heaven follows Tao, there is no emergency, tranquility increases daily, 3 and couriers are not employed. Hence the saying: "Race-horses are reserved for hauling dung."
When All-under-Heaven does not follow Tao, there is constant warfare, and self-defence against each other lasts for years without stopping, till the troops cannot return home, even though armour and helmets bring about lice and moths and swallows and sparrows nest in the tents of the generals. Hence the saying: "War horses are bred in the suburb."
Once a man of Ti presented to Duke Wên of Chin fox furs with thin haired tails and leopard fur with black spots. Accepting the guest's presents, Duke Wên heaved a sigh, saying, "Because of the beauty of their skin, these animals became the victims of a chastisement." Indeed, the ruler of a state who fell a victim to a chastisement because of his popularity, was King Yen of Hsü 4 ; those who fell victims to chastisements because of their cities and territories, were Yü and Kuo. Hence the saying: "No greater crime than submitting to desire."
Earl Chih, having annexed the fiefs of Fan and Chung-hang, attacked Chao incessantly. Meanwhile, as Han and Wey betrayed him, his army was defeated at Chin-yang, he was killed to the east of Kao-liang, his territory was partitioned, and his skull was lacquered and made into a liquor vessel. Hence the saying: "No greater misery than not knowing sufficiency."
The Ruler of Yü wanted the team of the Ch`ü breed and the Jade from Ch`ui-chi and took no advice from Kung Chi-Ch`i. In consequence his state went to ruin and he himself to death. Hence the saying: "No greater fault than avarice."
Any country, if able to preserve itself, is fair, and, if able to attain hegemony, is excellent. Anybody, if able to live on, is fair, and, if wealthy and noble, is excellent. Therefore, if not self-destructive, the state will not go to ruin and the self will not be killed. Hence the saying: "Who knows sufficiency's sufficiency 5 is always 6 sufficient."
Numbers = Notes in:
http://www2.iath.virginia.edu:8080/exist/cocoon/xwomen/texts/hanfei/d2.20/1/0/bilingual
耶穌 Yē sū Luke 12:15
15 And He said to them, “Watch out! Guard yourselves against every form of greed, for a man’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.”
15 Und er sprach zu ihnen: Seht zu und hütet euch vor aller Habgier; denn niemand lebt davon, dass er viele Güter hat.
15 於是對眾人說:「你們要謹慎自守,免去一切的貪心,因為人的生命不在乎家道豐富。」
15 Yúshì duì zhòngrén shuō:`Nǐmen yào jǐnshèn zì shǒu, miǎn qù yīqiè de tānxīn, yīn wéi rén de shēngmìng bùzàihū jiā dào fēngfù.'
G = Guōdiàn 郭店 (Original parts A, B, C)
g = guōdiàn 郭店 (partly modernized characters: http://julon.8u8.com )
M = Mǎwángduī 馬王堆 version 1
m = mǎwángduī 馬王堆 version 2
W = Wáng Bì 王弼 (= Traditional Version)
H = Holistic Version
|
G |
|
?? |
莫 |
厚 |
?? |
甚 |
欲 |
|
|
g |
|
罪 |
莫 |
厚 |
乎 |
甚 |
欲 |
|
|
M |
• |
罪 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
可 |
欲 |
|
|
m |
|
罪 |
莫 |
大 |
|
可 |
欲 |
|
|
(W) |
|
罪 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
可 |
欲 |
|
3. |
H |
• |
罪 |
莫 |
厚 |
乎 |
甚 |
欲 |
, |
|
G |
咎 |
莫 |
?? |
?? |
|
?? |
?? |
|
|
g |
咎 |
莫 |
慘 |
乎 |
|
欲 |
得 |
|
|
M |
禍 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
不 |
知 |
足 |
|
|
m |
禍 |
□ |
□ |
□ |
□ |
□ |
□ |
|
|
W |
禍 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
不 |
知 |
足 |
|
4. |
H |
咎 |
莫 |
慘 |
乎 |
不 |
欲 |
得 |
; |
|
G |
化 |
莫 |
大 |
?? |
不 |
?? |
足 |
|
|
g |
化 |
莫 |
大 |
乎 |
不 |
智 |
足 |
|
|
M |
咎 |
莫 |
憯 |
於 |
|
欲 |
得 |
|
|
m |
□ |
□ |
□ |
□ |
|
□ |
□ |
|
|
W |
咎 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
|
欲 |
得 |
|
5. |
H |
化 |
莫 |
大 |
於 |
不 |
智 |
足 |
。 |
46
001
045
sum:
2950
2994
第四十六章
dì sì shí liù zhāng
Peaceful Frugality
Friedliche Genügsamkeit
北大 Běi Dà 46
B:
天下有道,卻走馬以糞;
天下無道,戎馬產於鄗。
故罪莫大於可欲,
禍莫大於不智足,
咎莫
? 於欲得
。
故智足之 足, 恒足矣。
馬王堆 Mǎwángduī 46
M
:天下有道 □ 走馬以糞□ □ □ □ □ 恆足矣
馬王堆 Mǎwángduī 46
m: □ □ □
道
卻走馬 □
糞
無道 戎馬生於郊
罪莫大
可欲
禍 □ □ □ □ □ □
□ □ □ □ □ □
□ □ □ □ □ □ 足矣
郭店 Guōdiàn A3 = 46, 3–7
G:
罪莫厚乎甚欲,
化莫大乎不智足。
咎莫慘乎欲得智,
5th
line!
足之為足,此恆足矣。 [cf. < Correa's] [智 = 知; 智 = 知]
王弼 Wáng Bì 46
W:
天下有道,卻走馬以糞。
天下無道,戎馬生於郊。
罪莫大於可欲
*
禍 莫大於不知足。
咎莫大於欲得
。
故 知足之 足 常足矣。
河上公 Héshàng Gōng 46
H:
天下有道,卻走馬以糞。
天下無道,戎馬生於郊。
罪莫大於可欲
禍莫大於不知足;
咎莫大於欲得
。
故知足之 足, 常足矣。
傅奕 Fù Yì 46
F:
天下有道,卻走馬以播。
天下無道,戎馬生於郊。
罪莫大於可欲,
禍莫大於不知足,
咎莫憯於欲得
。
故知足之 足, 常足矣。
Raw texts s. below /
Rohtexte s. unten!
Raw texts / Rohtexte:
G:
Guōdiàn 郭店 ~ -300
~ Textus Receptus: 1 2 3
W:
Wáng Bì 王弼 (226–249) < +250
+ Hán Fēizǐ 韓非子 (280-233) - W. K. Liao: * in: The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭ with Collected Commentaries, April 1939. [Link].
Ch.
XX. Commentaries on Lao Tzŭ's Teachings:
= DDJ 38, 58, 59, 60, 46, 14, 01, 50, 67, 53, 54
Ch.
XXI. Illustrations of Lao Tzŭ's Teachings.*
= DDJ
46, 54, 26, 36, 63, 64,
52, 71, 64, 47, 41, 33, 27
M:‧天下有道□走馬以糞天下無道戎馬生於郊‧罪莫大於可欲禍莫大於不知足咎莫憯於欲得□□□□□恆足矣
m:□□□道卻走馬□糞無道戎馬生於郊罪莫大可欲禍□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□足矣
G(A3)
= 46, 3–7:罪莫厚乎甚欲,咎莫慘乎欲得,化莫大乎不智足。智足之為足,此恆足矣。
B:
鄗(郊), 智(知), 莫??(惨), 智(知).
W:天下有道,卻走馬以糞。天下無道,戎馬生於郊。[罪莫大於可欲]禍莫大於不知足。咎莫大於欲得。故知足之足常足矣。
H:天下有道,天下無道,戎馬生於郊。罪莫大於可欲。禍莫大於不知足,咎莫大於欲得。故知足之足,常足〔矣〕。
F:
天下有道,卻走馬以播。天下無道,戎馬生於郊。罪莫大於可欲,禍莫大於不知足, 咎莫憯於欲得。故知足之足,常足矣。
Mǎwángduī: ch. 1-37 after 38-81; 24 before 22 + 23, 41 before 41, 80+81 after 66.
Mǎwángduī: Kap. 1-37 nach 38-81; 24 vor 22 + 23, 41 vor 41, 80+81 nach 66.
Etymological Notes:
天 Augmented pictograph 天. Augmentation 一 (head) to person 大. Meaning: sky.
下 Simple pictograph 下(丅𠄟). A mark below the line. Meaning: down.
有 Compound pictograph 有. From a hand *又 holding some meat 月肉. Meaning: to have.
道 Composition:Bottom-left: 辶 chuò walk; walking; KangXi radical 162 ; top-right: 首shǒu head; first; leader chief; a poem. path road street; method way. The motion of thoughts which are diverse; traveling though life with one’s attention on the duality of unity with nature the head in motion.
卻 From person卩 (kneeling person) and phonetic 去谷 original Meaning: to retreate (after kneeling). Borrowed for sound. Meaning: but.
走 Simple pictograph 走. A person 土大 with a foot 止. Meaning: to walk.
馬 Simple pictograph 马馬. A horse.
以 Simple pictograph 以. Usually a pictograph of a mouth often making some kind of sound. Borrowed for sound. Meaning: by means of.Simple pictograph 以. g by means of.
糞 Deletion remnant 粪(t糞). From sort 米釆 and hands 共 separating rocks (shit) from the rice in a winnowing pan 田箕. Meaning: manure.
無 wú mó 火+ 8 strokes negative no not; lack have no Simple pictograph Meaning: nothing. [无無. A dancer also pronounced wu. Borrowed for sound.]
戎 Simple pictograph 戎. A weapon 戈 and armor 甲. Meaning: arms.
生 Simple pictograph 生. A sprout coming out of the ground. Meaning: birth.
於 Simple pictograph 於. Unclear origin. Meaning: in.
郊 ?
禍 From city 阝邑 and phonetic 交. Meaning: suburbs.
莫 From grass 艹艸 and sun or mouth 日口 and more grass 大艸. Originally Meaning: “not” or “dusk” probably from the sun lost in the grass.
大 Simple pictograph 大. Front profile of a man 大. Meaning: large.
不 Simple pictograph. Unclear origin. Possibly a root which us pulled up and is thus NOT there. Meaning: “no”.
知 From mouth 口 (character created for sound) and phonetic 矢 borrowed for sound. Meaning: to know.
足 Simple pictograph 足. From remanat 口 (top of leg) and foot 止. Meaning: foot.
咎 jiù Composition:Top: 处 chù place locale; department bottom: 口. kǒu mouth; open end; entrance gate = fault defect; error mistake.
欲 Composition:Left: 谷 valley gorge ravine right: 欠 owe lack be deficient; KangXi radical number 76 . desire want long for; intend
得 From road 彳 and phonetic (Meaning: aquire) 㝵. Meaning: to aquire as at the market along the road.
故 From hand 攵攴 and phonetic (also Meaning: ancient) 古. Original Meaning: ancient and reason.
之 Simple pictograph 之㞢𡳿. Augmentation of foot 止 going forward from 一. Originally indicating to go forward.
常 From cloth 巾 (making cloth was the most common activity of the ancient world) and phonetic 尚. Meaning: common.
矣 From arrow 矢 (which hits its mark and stops) and phonetic 厶. Meaning: a final sound indicicating end of sentence.
Sources:
http://www.thetao.info/tao/big5.htm,
http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E4%B9%8D
https://chinese.yabla.com/chinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php?define=%E4%B9%8D
http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?submitButton1=Etymology&characterInput=%E4%BD%9C [and more].
Literature:
Dàodéjīng 道德經 ~ -400) by → 老子 Lǎozĭ.
Fù Yì
傅奕 (555−639) 574 / < -202.Guōdiàn 郭店 ~ -300.
Hán Fēizǐ 韓非子 (-280-233) ch. 20+21.
Héshàng Gōng
河上公 > 100 .Kǒng fū zǐ 孔夫子 (Confucius / Konfuzius).
Lǎozĭ 老子~ -400: Dàodéjīng 道德經.
Lièzǐ 列子 ~ -440-360, ~ -350.
Lún yǔ 論語 = Analects by 孔夫子 Kǒng fū zǐ (Confucius / Konfuzius).
Mǎwángduī 馬王堆 A < -206.
Mǎwángduī 馬王堆 B < -179.
Wáng Bì
王弼 (226–249) < 250.Yì Jīng 易經 (Book of Change) .
Zhuāngzǐ 莊子 (-369-286) .
=
道德經 Dàodéjīng by 老子 Lǎozĭ.
傅奕 Fù Yì (-554−639 +574 / < -202 .
郭店 Guōdiàn ~ -300.
韓非子 Hán Fēizǐ (-280-233).
河上公 Héshàng Gōng > 100 .
孔夫子 Kǒng fū zǐ (Confucius / Konfuzius).
老子 Lǎozĭ ~ -400: Dàodéjīng 道德經.
列子 Lièzǐ ~ -440-360 ~ -350.
論語 Lún yǔ = Analects 孔夫子 Kǒng fū zǐ Confucius / Konfuzius.
馬王堆 Mǎwángduī A < -206.
馬王堆 Mǎwángduī B < -179.
王弼 Wáng Bì (226–249) < 250.
易經 Yì Jīng (Book of Change) .
莊子 Zhuāngzǐ (-369-286) .
Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre (P. VII des Mémoires de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres), Imprimerie royale, Paris 1823. B) Le livre des récompenses et des peines, ouvrage taoïstes traduit du chinois avec der notes et des éclaircissements. Paris: A. – A. Renouard, 1816; Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1939 / 2 (Les Joyaux de l‘Orient, tome III) B) Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de Lao-Tseu, philosophe Chinois du VI. siècle avant notre ère, qui a professé les opinions communément attribuées à Pythagore, à Platon et à leurs disciples. a) Vortrag 15. VI. 1823 in: Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, tom. VII 1824. (Denkschriften) [auch: Rémusat's Mèlanges asiatiques, Sèrie I. , 1825-26].
Ames, Roger T. & David L. Hall Dao de Jing. A Philosophical Translation. “Making this life significant”. Featuring the recently discovered bamboo texts. Translated and with commentary. New York: A Ballantine Book. The Random House Publishing Group, (book + CD), Ballantine Books, 2003. 256 p. & Audio. .
Braunsperger Hubert 1992 Innere Geborgenheit durch Tao Te King. Dialog mit Laotse. Verlag der Österreichischen Staatsdruckerei, Wien. 245 P.
Chan, Wing-tsit Chu Hsi's appraisal of Lao Tzu. In: Philosophy East and West, 25, 29, 1975, 131-144.
Chang,Tsungtung, 1982 Metaphysik, Erkenntnis und Praktische Philosophie im Chuang-Tzu. Zur Neu-Interpretation und systematischen Darstellung der klassischen chinesischen Philosophie Gebundene Ausgabe. Verlag: Vittorio Klostermann (1982).
Chan, Wing-tsit,
The Way of Lao Tzu. 1963. [Lao Tzu], übersetzt von Günther Schwarz aus: Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York, 1967 (p. 107-111).Chen, Ellen Tao, Nature, Man: A Study of the Key Ideas in the Tao Te Ching, PhD dissertation, Fordham University, 1966.
Debon, Günther (1921-2005) Lao-Tse. Tao-Tê-King. Das Heilige Buch vom Weg und von der Tugend. Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 1961.
Duyvendak, Jan [Julius Lodewijk] Tao te ching. The Book of the Way and its Virtue. The Wisdom of the East Series. London: John Murray, 1954 → Lao Tzu, Tau-Te-Tsjing, Het boek van Weg en Deugd … Arnhem: 1942; Amsterdam: Uitgeverij De Driehoek, 1980: → Tao tö king, le livre de la voie et de la vertu: texte chinois tabli et traduit avec des notes critiques et une introduction. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1953 ff.
Heidegger in "The Thing" Lǎozĭ's 11, [Philosophy of Technology, 2th lecture].
Kalinke Viktor Laozi. Daodejing. Band 1 : Eine Wiedergabe seines Deutungsspektrums. Text und Übersetzung / Zeichenlexikon Edition Erata, Leipzig 1999. 121 p. Band 2 Eine Erkundung seines Deutungsspektrums. Anmerkungen und Kommentare; Edition Erata, Leipzig 1999. 134 p. Band 3 Nichtstun als Handlungsmaxime. Zur Rationalität des Mystischen im Laozi, Edition Erata, Leipzig 2011, 204 p. .
Karlgren, Bernhard The poetical parts in Lao-tsϊ. In: Kina Antiken. Göteborgs högskolas arskrift, 38, 3, 1932, 1–45 Göteborg: Elander, 1932. (schwedisch); Svenska Bokförlaget, 1964 → Poesie des Laozi: wohl nur Kapitel 31, 42, 48, 49, 50, 61, 74, 75 im Original ungereimt. / poetry of the daodejing: in the original text, only chapters 31, 42, 48, 49, 50, 61, 74, 75 might have been unrhymed.
Legge, James The Tâo Teh King. The writings of Kwang-Tze. [Translation of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu] In: Max Muller, ed. The Sacred Books of the East. 1891; The Texts of Tâoism, Part 1. The Tao Teh King. The Texts of Tâoism. Part 2. The writings of Kwang-ßze, Books I-XVII. The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 39. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1891, Oxford University Press, 1927; New York: The Julian press, 1959 et.al.
Lin Yutang Laotse. (Übs. Gerolf Coudenhove) Fischer Bücherei Frankfurt/M., Hamburg. 1955, 216 p. .
Möller, Hans-Georg Laotse, Tao Te King. Die Seidentexte von Mawangdui. 500 Jahre älter als andere Ausgaben. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. 1995 236 p.
Schwarz Ernst Laudse. DAUDEDSCHING. Aus dem Chinesischen übersetzt und herausgegeben von Ernst Schwarz. Philipp Reclam jun., Leipzig 1970. 226 p.; Laudse Daudedsching (Lao-tse Tao-te-king). Aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und mit einer Einführung, Anmerkungen sowie einem Literaturverzeichnis herausgegeben von Ernst Schwarz Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1980.
Simon, Rainald Laozi Daodejing Das Buch vom Weg und seiner Wirkung. Philip Reclam jun. GmbH & Co., Stuttgart. 2009, 319 p.
Julien, Stanislas Le Livre de la Voie et de la Vertu. Par le Philosophe Lao-Tseu. .
(auch: Lao-Tseu Tao-Te-King, Le livre de la voie et de la vertu; traduit en français, et publié avec le texte chinois et un commentaire prepétuel. Paris: Imprimerie Royale), 1842, 304 S. [& Le livre des récompenses et des peines, en chinois et en français, accompagné de 400 légendes, anecdotes et histoires, qui font connaître les doctrines, les croyances et les mœurs de la secte des Tao-ssés. Paris: Crapelet-Barrois, 1835].
Ulenbrook Jan [Karl Gerhard Meier] LAU DSE. DAU DÖ DJING Das Buch vom rechten Wege und von der rechten Gesinnung. Ins Deutsche übertragen und mit einer wörtlichen Übersetzung,einer Einleitung und Erläuterungen versehen von Jan Ulenbrook. Carl Schünemann Verlag, Bremen. 1962, 248 p.
Von Strauß [und Torney], Victor
LAO-TSE'S TAO TE KING. Aus dem Chinesischen ins Deutsche übersetzt, eingeleitet und commentirt von Victor von Strauß. Verlag von Friedrich Fleischer, Leipzig 1870. 357 p.Wagner, Rudolf G. A Chinese Reading of the Daodejing: Wang Bi's Commentary on the Laozi with Critical Text and Translation. (SUN series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. David L. Hall & Roger T. Ames, editors) Albany: SUNY Press (State University of New York Press), 2003, 532 p. B) Language, Ontology, and Political Philosophy in China: Wang Bi 's Scholarly Exploration of the Dark (Xuanxue). (SUN series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. David L. Hall & Roger T. Ames, editors) Albany: SUNY Press (State University of New York Press), 2003, 261 p. C) The Craft of a Chinese Commentator: Wang Bi on the Laozi. (SUN series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. David L. Hall & Roger T. Ames, editors) Albany: SUNY Press (State University of New York Press), 2000, 384 p. .
Waley, Arthur The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Tê Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought. With Introduction, Commentaries / Full Appendices and Notes. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1934, 1942 et.al. 262 S.; N. Y. Macmillan, 1934; Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1935, 1942.
Wáng Bì → Wagner.
Wilhelm, Richard Laotse, Tao Te King, Das Buch des Alten vom Sinn und Leben. Aus dem Chinesischen verdeutscht und erläutert von Richard Wilhelm. Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Jena. 120 p. .
Wing R. L. Der Weg und die Kraft. Laotses Tao-te-king als Orakel und Weisheitsbuch. Mit Kalligraphien von Tse Leong Toy, Lam-po Leong und Johanna Yeung. Illustrationen von Scott Bartlett. Droemer Knaur, München. 1987.
Wittgenstein Ludwig:
Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung, W. Ostwald (Hrsg.), Annalen der Naturphilosophie, Band 14, 1921, p. 185–262.Wohlfart, Günter Der Philosophische Daoismus. Philosophische Untersuchungen zu Grundbegriffen und komparative Studien mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Laozi (Lao-tse). (Reihe für Asiatische und Komparative Philosophie, Bd. 5); Köln: Edition Chora, 2001, 212 p.